Quality, in Goldratt’s vision, was not a separate checklist to be applied once a product was complete. It was the emergent property of a system designed to minimize wasted time and effort. When a process is synchronized around its constraint, rework drops, defects become visible earlier, and people gain the space to notice and address small deviations before they metastasize. He insisted that managers measure what matters: not how many tasks were started, but how many units contributed to the system’s ability to achieve its goal. The metrics that really counted—throughput, inventory, operating expense—were blunt instruments that forced honest conversations about trade-offs and cause.